1.大西洋革命战纪地图中心思想诠释（双语版）Idea of map Atlantic Revolutions(Foreword)

Atlantic Revolutions

大西洋革命

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Atlantic Revolutions 大西洋革命
Part of the Age of Revolution革命时代的一部分
Atlantic Revolutions.png
Lands affected by the Atlantic Revolutions in Europe
受欧洲大西洋革命影响的土地
Date 日期1760s - 1870s 18世纪60-70年代
Outcome 结果Multiple revolutions across the Atlantic world, including the American Revolutionary War and Latin American wars of independence跨越大西洋世界的多次革命，包括美国独立战争和拉丁美洲独立战争
Part of a series on这是一个系列的一部分
Revolution 革命
French Revolution
Types 类型
Methods 方法
Causes 原因
Examples 例子
A coloured voting box.svg Politics portal 政治门户
A tree of liberty 自由之树 topped with a 上面有一个Phrygian cap 弗里吉亚帽 set up in 安置在Mainz 美因茨 in 1793. Such symbols were used by several revolutionary movements of the time. 在1793年。这些标志被使用的几个革命运动的时间

The Atlantic Revolutions were a revolutionary wave in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. It was associated with the Atlantic World during the era from the 1760s to the 1870s.

大西洋革命是十八世纪末十九世纪初的一次革命浪潮。从18世纪60年代到19世纪70年代，它与大西洋世界联系在一起。

It took place in both the Americas and Europe, including the United States (1765–1783), Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1788–1792), France and French-controlled Europe (1789–1814), Haiti (1791–1804), Ireland (1798) and Spanish America (1810–1825).[1] There were smaller upheavals in Switzerland, Russia, and Brazil. The revolutionaries in each country knew of the others and to some degree were inspired by or emulated them.[2]

它发生在美洲和欧洲，包括美国(1765-1783)、波兰-立陶宛联邦(1788-1792)、法国和法国控制的欧洲(1789-1814)、海地(1791-1804)、爱尔兰(1798)和西班牙-美洲(1810-1825)。[1]瑞士、俄罗斯和巴西也有较小的剧变。每个国家的革命者都知道其他国家的革命者，并在某种程度上受到他们的鼓舞或效仿。[2]

Independence movements in the New World began with the American Revolution, 1765–1783, in which France, the Netherlands and Spain assisted the new United States of America as it secured independence from Britain. In the 1790s the Haitian Revolution broke out. With Spain tied down in European wars, the mainland Spanish colonies secured independence around 1820.[3]

新大陆的独立运动始于1765-1783年的美国革命，当时法国、荷兰和西班牙协助新美利坚合众国从英国手中获得独立。18世纪90年代，海地革命爆发了。随着西班牙陷入欧洲战争，大陆上的西班牙殖民地在1820年左右获得了独立。[3]

In long-term perspective, the revolutions were mostly successful. They spread widely the ideals of liberalism, republicanism, the overthrow of aristocracies, kings and established churches. They emphasized the universal ideals of the Enlightenment, such as the equality of all men, including equal justice under law by disinterested courts as opposed to particular justice handed down at the whim of a local noble. They showed that the modern notion of revolution, of starting fresh with a radically new government, could actually work in practice. Revolutionary mentalities were born and continue to flourish to the present day.[4]

从长远来看，这些革命大多是成功的。他们广泛传播自由主义、共和主义、推翻贵族统治、国王和建立教会的理想。他们强调启蒙运动的普遍理想，例如人人平等，包括无私的法庭在法律面前的平等正义，而不是某个地方贵族心血来潮下的特定正义。他们展示了革命的现代概念，即从一个全新的政府开始新的生活，可以在实践中发挥作用。革命的思想诞生了，并继续蓬勃发展至今。[4]

The common Atlantic theme breaks down to some extent from reading the works of Edmund Burke. Burke firstly supported the American colonists in 1774 in "On American Taxation", and took the view that their property and other rights were being infringed by the crown without their consent. In apparent contrast, Burke distinguished and deplored the process of the French revolution in Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), as in this case property, customary and religious rights were being removed summarily by the revolutionaries and not by the crown. In both cases he was following Montesquieu's theory that the right to own property is an essential element of personal freedom.

通过阅读埃德蒙 · 伯克的作品，《大西洋月刊》的共同主题在某种程度上被打破了。伯克在1774年的《美国税收论》中首次支持美国殖民者，认为他们的财产和其他权利在未经他们同意的情况下受到了英国政府的侵犯。与此形成鲜明对比的是，伯克对1790年对法国革命的反思法国大革命的进程表示了杰出的敬意和遗憾，因为在这种情况下，财产、习惯和宗教权利被革命者草率地剥夺了，而不是被王室剥夺了。在这两个案例中，他都遵循了孟德斯鸠的理论，即拥有财产的权利是人身自由的一个基本要素。

National revolutions[edit]

国家革命[编辑]


Various connecting threads among these varied uprisings include a concern for the "Rights of Man" and freedom of the individual; an idea (often predicated on John Locke or Jean-Jacques Rousseau) of popular sovereignty; belief in a "social contract", which in turn was often codified in written constitutions; a certain complex of religious convictions often associated with deism or Voltairean agnosticism, and characterized by veneration of reason; abhorrence of feudalism and often of monarchy itself. The Atlantic Revolutions also had many shared symbols, including the name "Patriot" used by so many revolutionary groups; the slogan of "Liberty"; the liberty cap; Lady Liberty or Marianne; the tree of liberty or liberty pole, and so on.

在这些不同的起义中，各种各样的联系线索包括对“人权”和个人自由的关注; 对人民主权的思想(通常以约翰洛克或让-雅克·卢梭为基础) ; 对“社会契约”的信仰，这反过来又常常被写入成文的宪法; 某种宗教信仰的复杂性，通常与自然神论或伏尔泰不可知论联系在一起，以及对理性的拥有属性崇拜; 对封建主义和封建君主制本身的憎恶。大西洋革命也有许多共同的象征，包括许多革命团体使用的“爱国者”(Patriot)名称、“自由”(Liberty)的口号、自由帽(Liberty cap)、自由女神(Lady Liberty)或玛丽安娜(Marianne)、自由之树(tree of Liberty)或自由旗杆(Liberty pole)等等。

Individuals and movements[edit]

个人和运动[编辑]

See also[edit]

参见[编辑]

Notes[edit]

注释[编辑]

  1. ^ Wim Klooster, Revolutions in the Atlantic World: A Comparative History (2009)
  2. ^ Wim Klooster，《大西洋世界的革命: 比较史学》(2009)
  3. ^ Laurent Dubois and Richard Rabinowitz, eds. Revolution!: The Atlantic World Reborn (2011)
  4. 《革命! : 大西洋世界的重生》(2011)
  5. ^ Jaime E. Rodríguez O., The Independence of Spanish America (1998)
  6. ^ Jaime e. Rodríguez o. ，《西班牙裔美国人的独立》(1998)
  7. ^ Robert R. Palmer, The Age of the Democratic Revolution: A Political History of Europe and America, 1760–1800. (2 vol, 1959–1964)
  8. 罗伯特 · r · 帕尔默，《民主革命时代: 欧美政治史，1760-1800》。(1959-1964年，第2卷)

References and further reading[edit]

参考文献和进一步阅读[编辑]

  • Canny, Nicholas, and Philip Morgan, eds. The Oxford handbook of the Atlantic world: 1450-1850 (Oxford UP, 2011).
  • 《牛津大西洋世界手册: 1450-1850》(牛津大学出版社，2011年)。
  • Donoghue, John. Fire under the Ashes: An Atlantic History of the English Revolution (U of Chicago Press, 2013).
  • 约翰 · 多诺霍，《灰烬之下的大火: 英国革命的大西洋历史》(芝加哥大学出版社，2013年)。
  • Geggus, David P. The Impact of the Haitian Revolution in the Atlantic World (2002)
  • 海地革命对大西洋世界的影响》(2002)
  • Jacques Godechot. France and the Atlantic revolution of the eighteenth century, 1770–1799 (1965)
  • 雅克 · 戈德绍特。法国与十八世纪的大西洋革命，1770-1799(1965)
  • Gould, Eliga H. and Peter S. Onuf, eds. Empire and Nation : The American Revolution in the Atlantic World (2004)
  • 《帝国与民族: 大西洋世界的美国革命》(2004)
  • Greene, Jack P., Franklin W. Knight, Virginia Guedea, and Jaime E. Rodríguez O. "AHR Forum: Revolutions in the Americas", American Historical Review (2000) 105#1 92–152. Advanced scholarly essays comparing different revolutions in the New World. in JSTOR
  • “ AHR 论坛: 美国革命”，《美国历史评论》(2000)105 # 192-152。比较新世界不同革命的高级学术论文。在 JSTOR
  • Klooster, Wim. Revolutions in the Atlantic World: A Comparative History (2nd ed. 2018)
  • 《大西洋世界的革命: 比较史学》(2018年第2版)
  • Leonard, A.B. and David Pretel, eds. The Caribbean and the Atlantic World Economy(2018)
  • 《加勒比海与大西洋世界经济》(The Caribbean and The Atlantic World Economy，2018)
  • Palmer, Robert. The Age of Democratic Revolutions 2 vols. (1959, 1964)
  • 《民主革命时代2卷》(1959,1964)
  • Perl-Rosenthal, Nathan. "Atlantic cultures and the age of revolution." William & Mary Quarterly 74.4 (2017): 667-696. online
  • 大西洋文化与革命时代〉 ，《威廉与玛丽季刊》74.4(2017) : 667-696
  • Polasky, Janet L. Revolutions without Borders (Yale UP, 2015). 392 pp. online review
  • 《无国界革命》(耶鲁大学出版社，2015年) ，392页，在线评论
  • Potofsky, Allan. "Paris-on-the-Atlantic from the Old Regime to the Revolution." French History 25.1 (2011): 89-107.
  • 大西洋上的巴黎，从旧政权到大革命〉 ，《法国历史》25.1(2011) : 89-107。
  • Sepinwall, Alyssa G. "Atlantic Revolutions", in Encyclopedia of the Modern World, ed. Peter Stearns (2008), I: 284 – 289
  • Sepinwall，Alyssa g. “大西洋革命”，收录于《现代世界百科全书》第版。彼得 · 斯特恩斯(2008) ，i: 284-289
  • Verhoeven, W.M. and Beth Dolan Kautz, eds. Revolutions and Watersheds: Transatlantic Dialogues, 1775–1815 (1999)
  • 《革命与分水岭: 跨大西洋对话，1775-1815》(1999)
  • Vidal, Cécile, and Michèle R. Greer. "For a Comprehensive History of the Atlantic World or Histories Connected In and Beyond the Atlantic World?." Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 67#2 (2012). online
  • 和 Michèle r. Greer。“《大西洋世界综合史》或《大西洋世界内外的历史》 ？."年鉴。历史》 ，science Sociales 67 # 2(2012)。在线
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